Established theme, ongoing.

Introduction

Environmental policy fails less often for want of instruments than for want of measurement and compliance. This line examines both. One group of papers builds spatial measurement where official statistics are thin, mapping deforestation frontiers in Central America’s tropical moist forests from satellite imagery, estimating the air-quality cost of agricultural straw burning in China from Landsat-8 data, and tracing the carbon-emission network of aviation across the Yangtze River Delta.

A second group asks whether environmental commitments survive contact with incentives. Chinese carbon markets stabilise emissions even when political oversight weakens, which suggests the market mechanism does work that monitoring alone would not. Corporate ESG disclosure often does not: measuring the gap between what listed firms say and what they do gives a direct estimate of environmental lip service. Alongside these sits a smaller behavioural thread on energy use by building occupants, on food security through insect protein, and on urban green space as a nature-based route to resilience.

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